More Simplicity, Less Charisma: Improving the Effectiveness, Cost, and Fairness of California's...

8/13/2019 More Simplicity, Less Charisma: Improving the Effectiveness, Cost, and Fairness of California's Climate Agenda

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Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

BJ IJIQM\ WODLK\ I[[B\

Hori [lhpdlklty,Diss KcbrlshbLhprovljm tci Inniktlvijiss, Kost, bjeNblrjiss on Kbdlnorjlbs Kdlhbti Bmijeb

ay Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor

[cudtz-[tipcijsoj Ubs` Norki oj Ijirmy Wodlkywww.coovir.orm/tbs`norkis/ijirmy-podlky

Ixikutlvi [uhhbryOvir tci pbst sivirbd yibrs, Kbdlnorjlbs ibrdy-hovir kdlhbti podlky strbtimy cbsbttrbktie kojsleirbadi bttijtloj. Ucls arobe rimudbtory sdbti cbs ljkdueie tci jbtlojshost bhaltlous Qijiwbadis Wortnodlo [tbjebre (QW[) nor idiktrlklty, viclkdi, bjeauldeljm ijirmy usi rudis tcbt nbr ixkiie nieirbd muleidljis, bje tci hukc-elskussieMdoabd ]brhljm [odutlojs Bkt on 177>, wclkc tb`is b juhair on stips to dowirKbdlnorjlbs kbraoj ihlsslojs.

Kohhojdy jowj ay lts dimlsdbtlvi hojl`ir BA ;1, tci Mdoabd ]brhljm [odutlojsBkt riqulris bktlojs ay stbti bmijklis to dlhlt Kbdlnorjlbs mriijcousi mbs (MCM)ihlsslojs to 2


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Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb 1 Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

lhpdihijtljm aotc BA ;1 bje otcir kbraoj-rieuktloj rimudbtlojs wldd ljkur ribdkosts to Kbdlnorjlbjs, bje oji stbtis bktlojs bdoji wldd jot cbvi b hibjljmnud kcbjmioj mdoabd kbraoj ihlsslojs. Bje wcldi Kbdlnorjlbs usi on tci ixladi kbp-bje-trbei

hbrìt hikcbjlshs koude lhprovi upoj ixlstljm kojvijtlojbd ijvlrojhijtbdrimudbtory hibsuris lj tirhs on inniktlvijiss on ihlssloj rieuktlojs, kost, bjenblrjiss, tci ribd kosts on Kbdlnorjlbs kdlhbti podlky bmijeb bs ijbktie toeby bristldd ujkirtblj bje rihblj dlttdi ujeirstooe ay Kbdlnorjlbs votirs.

Kbdlnorjlbs rimudbtory bmijklis cbvi spijt kojsleirbadi innorts to rispoje tostbìcodeir kojkirjs bje riji vbrlous promrbh bspikts ovir rikijt yibrs.Horiovir, lj hb`ljm our summistlojs, wi bri jot vbdlebtljm or krltlklzljm tci wlseohon Kbdlnorjlbs votirs lj bpprovljm tcisi promrbhs wi bri slhpdy oasirvljm tciribdlty on wcbt tcisi promrbhs doo` dlì bs tci rimudbtory prokiss cbs eividopiebje summistljm tci aist wby norwbre.

Lj tcls pbpir wi brmui tcbt Kbdlnorjlbs kdlhbti podlky bmijeb jiies to iharbkitci rlmct rimudbtory tood nor tci rlmct ijvlrojhijtbd proadih ln lt ls to bkkohpdlsclts stbtie mobds to aotc kost-inniktlvidy rieuki Kbdlnorjlbs owj MCM ihlsslojs bjebkt bs b podlky hoeid nor otcir furlselktlojs. Jbhidy, to rieuki tci elrikt kosts onhiitljm BA ;1s MCM ihlssloj-rieuktloj tbrmits, wi summist tci noddowljm kijtrbdrinorhs6

2. Ljkribsi kohpdlbjki ixlaldlty bje dowir kosts ay skbdljm abk ixlstljmsiktor-spiklk rimudbtory hbjebtis tcbt cbvi erlntie nbr nroh tcilr orlmljbdijvlrojhijtbd ljtijt. Oji wby to eo tcls ls to norhbddy bddow BA ;1s horiixladi kbp-bje-trbei bddowbjkis to sirvi bs bdtirjbtlvi kohpdlbjkihikcbjlshs nor tcih. Ucls koude ai eoji wltcout ljkribsljm tci juhair onkbp-bje-trbei bddowbjkis lj klrkudbtloj, tciriay mubrbjtiiljm BA ;1s eislrieMCM ihlssloj rieuktlojs. Bt hljlhuh, bjy siktor-spiklk rimudbtlojs sbnityvbdvi kohpdlbjki kost scoude ai dlhltie to b ribsojbadi prihluh (pircbpseouadi) nroh tci kurrijt kbraoj prlki oj BA ;1s kbp-bje-trbei hbrìt.

1. [uastbjtlbddy hoelny or ripibd tikcjodomlkbd ujlkorjs wltclj BA ;1 sukc bstci Dow Kbraoj Nuid [tbjebre (DKN[), wclkc bri prielkbtie oj eipdoyljmtikcjodomy tcbt eois jot yit ixlst bje, lj tci kbsi on DKN[, eois dlttdi nor tciijvlrojhijt bje cbs viry clmc bssoklbtie kosts.

Lj beeltloj to DKN[, tcls pbpir onnirs bssisshijts on tci otcir spiklk Kbdlnorjlbpromrbh bribs tcbt ixlst outslei tci norhbd kbp-bje-trbei promrbh6 ijirmyinklijky promrbhs, tci Qijiwbadis Wortnodlo [tbjebre (QW[), bje tci ziro-ihlssloj viclkdi (VI^) promrbh. Mijirbddy spib`ljm, wi je tci inklijkypromrbhs kojstltuti tci strojmist siktorbd hibsuris wltclj Kbdlnorjlbs portnodlowcldi tci VI^, bje to b dissir ixtijt QW[ promrbhs, bri hori proadihbtlk lj sivirbdrispikts bs kurrijtdy strukturie. Cowivir, bs tcisi lssuis cbvi aiij beerissie lj


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Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb ; Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

suastbjtlbd eimrii idsiwciri, wi cbvi kojkijtrbtie our bjbdysls pbrtlkudbrdy ojtci DKN[, wclkc wi tclj` ls proadihbtlk nor kohpdix ribsojs jot widd-ujeirstooeay podlkyhbìrs.

Lj beeltloj to tcisi stips tcbt koude rieuki tci kosts on rieukljm KbdlnorjlbsMCM ihlsslojs, b kohpbjloj pbpir to tcls pliki beerissis cow BA ;1s podlkyhikcbjlshs koude ai hoelie to rieuki tci skbd erbm oj tci Kbdlnorjlbikojohy on tci kosts tcbt rihblj ay hb`ljm tci BA ;1 kbp-bje-trbei hbrìt horirivijui-jiutrbd. ([ii Nor Kbdlnorjlbs BA ;16 Kbp-bje-Urbei-bje Kbsc Abk`, jotKbp-bje-Urbei-bje-Ubx.)

Eisplti tci suastbjtlbd kosts ljvodvie bje lts podlky lhportbjki, wi aidlivitcbt puadlk ujeirstbjeljm on Kbdlnorjlbs ovirbdd kdlhbti rimudbtory sdbti, bjetci stips ailjm tbìj ostijslady to rieuki MCM ihlsslojs, ls viry dlhltie. 2 Ucls

pbpir bttihpts to provlei b aittir ujeirstbjeljm on cow tcisi rudis bri ailjmlhpdihijtie bje cow tciy scoude ai rinorhie so tcbt tci ljtijt on Kbdlnorjlbsvotirs lj prohotljm BA ;1 kbj ai kbrrlie out. Eoljm so wldd udtlhbtidy lhprovitci dlìdlcooe on Kbdlnorjlbs innorts ailjm tbìj up idsiwciri bje inniktljm bhibsurbadi rieuktloj lj mdoabd MCM ihlsslojs.

B joti oj ribd vs. leibd MCM podlky lj Kbdlnorjlb

]i kojtljui to aidlivi sustbljie support nor ijirmy Q&E kohaljie wltc b arobe-absierivijui-jiutrbd kbraoj tbx sclnt kohaljie wltc tci idlhljbtloj on bdd suaslelis nor ijirmyproeuktloj bje kojsuhptloj woude ai b prinirbadi hibjs to oatblj hbjy on tci sbhi mobds

tcbt BA ;1 bje Kbdlnorjlbs ridbtie ihlssloj-rieuktloj rudis bttihpt to beeriss. ArltlscKoduhalb, wclkc cbs kohaljie prlkljm kbraoj wltc b jit tbx kut, onnirs ay nbr tci aistribd-worde hoeid on tcls podlky. Jojitcidiss, tci nbkt rihbljs tcbt Kbdlnorjlbs votirs bjedimlsdbtors cbvi kcosij BA ;1, jot sohi cypotcitlkbd or bkbeihlk leibd, bs tcilr prinirriewby on beerissljm tci kdlhbti lssui. ]ltc strojm podltlkbd support lj aotc movirjorsclp bje bsupirhbforlty on tci dimlsdbturi bje wltc BA ;1 cbvljm rikilvie b >2.9 pirkijt ijeorsihijtnroh Kbdlnorjlb votirs, wi aidlivi tcbt podlky kojkirjs bri aist elriktie bt bj innort to rinorh,rbtcir tcbj b nutldi bttihpt to stbrt ovir nroh skrbtkc, b prospikt tcbt onnirs jiltcir oavlouspodltlkbd or podlky mbljs.

Nor ixbhpdi, tcoumc tci BA ;1 kbp-bje-trbei nrbhiwor` ls jow widd ujeir wby, tciri lsstldd tlhi to istbadlsc hikcbjlshs to riturj tci suastbjtlbd rivijuis lt wldd rblsi elriktdy to

Kbdlnorjlbs tbxpbyirs hukc dlì bj leibd rivijui-jiutrbd kbraoj tbx woude. [lhldbrdy, tci worstinnikts on rimudbtory hbjebtis sukc bs tci Dow Kbraoj Nuid [tbjebre rihblj nbr ijoumc lj tcinuturi tcbt suastbjtlbd hltlmbtljm rinorh ls wortc ujeirtb`ljm toeby.

Eisplti slmjlkbjt rimudbtory bje stbìcodeir innorts ovir tci pbst niw yibrs, ribd cbzbresjojitcidiss rihblj wltclj Kbdlnorjlbs kdlhbti bmijeb. ]i aidlivi tcbt dimlsdbtlvi bjerimudbtory aoelis kbj beeriss tci host siviri on tcisi cbzbres wltcout cbrhljm BA ;1smobds on kbraoj ihlsslojs rieuktloj. Aut lt ls lhportbjt tcbt wi bkt jow.


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Ljtroeuktloj6 Kbdlnorjlbs Kdlhbti BmijebCbs Uoo Hbjy Kcbrlshbtlk HimbnbujbUci tirh kcbrlshbtlk himbnbujb ls widd `jowj wltclj tci ijvlrojhijtbdhovihijt. Lt rinirs to dbrmi, pcotomijlk bjlhbds wltc lhhielbti popudbr bppibd6pbjebs, wcbdis, idipcbjts, morlddbs, itk. Ay kbtkcljm popudbr lhbmljbtloj, tciy briontij prohotie lj oreir to bkclivi arobeir ijvlrojhijtbd podlky mobds sohi onwclkc hby ai ojdy elhdy ridbtie to tci spiklis lj quistloj.

Kbdlnorjlbs blr bje kdlhbti podlklis bje promrbhs sunnir nroh bj ixkiss onkcbrlshbtlk podlky himbnbujb, bttrbktlvi bje kueedy nor tcilr iy kojstltuijklis,aut ontij sirvljm bs poor hitcoes to hiit tci stbtis ijvlrojhijtbd jiies. Ljpbrtlkudbr, tcosi lkojlk kohhbje-bje-kojtrod-stydi rimudbtlojs, wclkc tcistbti cbs hori or diss inniktlvidy usie ovir privlous eikbeis to beeriss dokbd blrpoddutloj, bri jow ailjm kbddie ljto bktloj to mct tci hukc hori vixljm proadihon mriijcousi mbs (MCM) ihlsslojs. [ukkiss lj bppdyljm ode toods towbre tcls jiwkcbddijmi cbs aiij hlxie lj tirhs on inniktlvijiss, kost, bje elstrlautlojbd iqulty.

]citcir tciy bri Dow Kbraoj Nuid [tbjebres (DKN[) or ziro-ihlssloj viclkdis(VI^s), tcisi kcbrlshbtlk kdlhbti podlklis mbrjir puadlklty nor tcosi wco pusc tcihbje support nroh vbrlous ljeustrlis tcbt aijit nroh tcih, aut tciy ujeirhljitci kijtrbd mobd on rieukljm ihlsslojs. 1 Ay blhljm nor kcbrlshbtlk ijvlrojhijtbdoafiktlvis otcir tcbj trui MCM ihlsslojs, bje ay sldoljm siktorbd innorts, tcisijiiedissdy erlvi up tci kosts on MCM ihlssloj rieuktlojs bje kojkijtrbti tcih ojpbrtlkudbr ljeustrlis or kojsuhirs. ]cldi tciri bri ribsojbadi brmuhijts to aihbei nor tikcjodomy pusc podlklis rbtcir tcbj puri prlkljm strbtimlis, to cbvi tcilrrodi lj tci podlky dbjeskbpi, sukc tikcjodomy innorts bri ribddy aist sultie to tcijbtlojbd divid (wciri, lj nbkt, hbjy bri bdribey ujeir wby).

Uciri ls b aittir wby to eo tcls6 b hbrìt-absie bpprobkc sukc bs kbp-bje-trbeior b kbraoj tbx sclnt kbj mubrbjtii eislrie MCM ihlsslojs aut eo so ridbtlvidyinklijtdy bt b dowir kost. ; Cowivir, lj lts kurrijt lhpdihijtbtloj, BA ;1skbp-bje-trbei MCM rieuktloj hikcbjlsh ls ridimbtie to b abk`sibt posltlojaiclje ixlstljm kcbrlshbtlk rimudbtory hbjebtis. Lj nbkt, KBQAs 1773 [kopljm

Wdbj ixpiktie ixlstljm rimudbtory hbjebtis to eidlvir up to =>.5 pirkijt on BA ;1sdimlsdbtie MCM ihlssloj rieuktloj nor 1717. Lt ls lhportbjt to hbì kdibr tcbt tcisiixlstljm rimudbtlojs tcilr MCM-rieuktloj-ridbtie idihijts bri rinirrie to bskohpdihijtbry hibsuris lj rimudbtory dljmo bri jot bktubddy kohpdihijts toBA ;1s hbrìt-absie kbp-bje-trbei kijtirpliki aut rbtcir suastltutis. Bjy MCMihlssloj rieuktlojs tciy bkclivi bri nujktlojbddy rihovie nroh kbp-bje-trbeishori inklijt (l.i., kcibpir) systih nor ihlsslojs rieuktlojs.

Kbdlnorjlbs kbp-bje-trbei promrbh cbs b juhair on vudjirbaldltlis. Lt lsbehljlstrbtlvidy jovid bje tikcjlkbddy kohpdix, wclkc hbìs lt suskiptladi to


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UBADI 26 Bjtlklpbtie MCM ihlssloj rieuktlojs lj 1717 nrohBA ;1 bje lts kohpdihijtbry hibsuris, bs riportie ljKBQAs 1773 [kopljm Wdbj bje 1722 [tbtus Ypebti

1773[kopljm Wdbj

(hhtko1i)

1722 [tbtusYpebti

(hhtko1i)

1717 MCM IHL[[LOJ UBQMIU6 51= hht 51= hht

WQOFIKUIE 1717 ABY IHL[[LOJ AB[IDLJI6 9 hht 959 hht

rieuktlojs lj 1717 jiieie to hiit tbrmit 2>< hht 223 hht

1722 Ljkorporbtie absidlji hibsurisWbvidy L viclkdi inklijky stbjebres 1=.= 1>.2

21 17% QW[ =.< 21

suatotbd ;9.> hht ;3.2 hht

Kbppie siktor hibsuris6(l.i., kovirie ay aotc kbp-bje-trbei BJE siktor-spiklk rimudbtlojs)

DKN[ 29 29

Auldeljm ijirmy inklijky & E[H 2.< hht

Qihbljljm ihlsslojs rieuktlojs jiiieie to ribkctbrmit6 (l.i., to ai hit ay kbp-bje-trbei bdoji)

Absidlji (bdd hibsuris + K &U) 1717 tbrmit >;.5 hht 1;.7 hht

Yjkbppie sourkis/siktors jot suafikt to 1717tbrmit (aut beerissie ay otcir hltlmbtloj promrbhs)

Clmc M]W stbtlojbry sourkis 27.< 9. (joj-utldlty, joj-sihlkojeuktor)

Clmc M]W hoaldi sourkis ;.;

Old/mbs ixtrbktloj bje trbjshlssloj 2.2

suatotbd 1=.2 hht 2; hht

NLMYQI 26 Bjtlklpbtie yibr 1717 totbd MCM rieuktlojscbris, ay hibsuri, bs riportie lj KBQAs 1722 [tbtusYpebti

Ljkorporbtie absidljihibsuris (odeirixlstljm rimudbtlojs)6~ ;3 hht ko1i

Kohpdihijtbrysiktor-spiklnlk rimudbtoryhibsuris & kbp-bje-trbei6

~ 9= hht ko1i

Kbp-bje-trbei ojdy6~ 1; hht ko1i

Yjkbppie siktorhibsuris6~ 2; hht ko1i


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Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb > Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

mbhljm slhldbr to tci ixpirlijki on Kbdlnorjlbs pbrbdyzljm idiktrlklty krlsls on1772. Uciri bri strojm brmuhijts tcbt pbrtlkudbr eislmj idihijts koude hbì tcikbp-bje-trbei promrbh suafikt to ixtijslvi rimlojbd dib`bmi, tciriay jimbtljm lj-

stbti MCM ihlssloj rieuktlojs. Oji rikijt pbpir summistie tcbt host on Kbdlnorjlbskbraoj ihlsslojs bri suafikt to sukc rieuktlojs. 5 Hbfor quistlojs oj cow tocbjedi tci rivijui mijirbtie ay tci buktlojljm on kbp-bje-trbei pirhlts, bje tcipotijtlbd nor skbd erbm bs b risudt, rihblj ujbjswirie. 9 Ucisi spijeljm kojkirjsbri suastbjtlbd bje wldd ai beerissie lj our kohpbjloj pbpir. Nurtcirhori, tcipromrbh ls stldd viry ibrdy lj lts lhpdihijtbtloj. Jivirtcidiss, mlvij tci bdribeyoasirvie slmjlkbjt scortkohljms on tci bdtirjbtlvi ixlstljm rimudbtlojs, bjesuafikt to beerissljm tci proadihs jotie baovi, wi aidlivi tcbt kbp-bje-trbeiscoude ai tribtie bs tci kori rbtcir tcbj tci abk`stop on tci stbtis kurrijtMCM-rieuktloj podlky bmijeb.

Ixlstljm kohhbje-bje-kojtrod ijvlrojhijtbd rimudbtlojs tcbt sirvi bs ixpijslvipdbtnorhs nor tci movirjhijt nbvorljm pbrtlkudbr tikcjodomlis scoude ai rinorhieto bddow bdtirjbtlvi kohpdlbjki tcroumc tci kbp-bje-trbei promrbh elriktdy, ujdissspiklk joj-MCM ihlssloj-rieuktloj-ridbtie rimudbtory ijvlrojhijtbd ko-aijitskbj ai brtlkudbtie bje fustlie bmbljst tci beeie kost on bkclivljm tcih.

Lj tci noddowljm pbmis, wi joti sohi on Kbdlnorjlbs ixlstljm kohpdihijtbryrimudbtlojs tcbt cbvi aiij kbddie ljto bktloj bmbljst MCM ihlsslojs6 wcbt cbsworìe, wcbt ls strummdljm, bje cow kbp-bje-trbei or bjotcir kbraoj prlkljmskcihi ls dlìdy to wor` aittir. Lj pbrtlkudbr, wi nokus oj tci stbtis Dow KbraojNuid [tbjebre (DKN[), bs lt ls pircbps tci host bwie bttihpt to usi oderimudbtory toods to hiit jiw tikcjodomlkbd kcbddijmis.

Cow Kcbrlshbtlk WodlklisBri Kroweljm Out tci Kdlhbti Wodlky IkosystihKohhojdy jowj ay lts dimlsdbtlvi hojlìr BA ;1, tci Mdoabd ]brhljm [odutlojsBkt eikdbrie tci stbti to ai pbrtlkudbrdy vudjirbadi to tci innikts on b mdoabdwbrhljm bje riqulrie tci stbtis MCM ihlsslojs to ai dlhltie to 2


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Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb = Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

ijirmy-inklijky stbjebres bppdy to jiw kohhirklbd bje risleijtlbd kojstruktlojor rijovbtloj. Lj tci trbjsport siktor, tci Wbvdiy viclkdi stbjebres riqulri tcbtviclkdi hbjunbkturi sbdis portnodlos bkclivi ljkribsljmdy bhaltlous nuid ikojohy

stbjebres ovir tlhi wcldi tci Bevbjkie Kdibj Kbrs ljltlbtlvi ixpdlkltdy riqulrisljkribsljm sbdis quotbs on pbrtlbd- idiktrlk, idiktrlk, or cyeromij erlvitrblj viclkdis.[A ;=9s urabj pdbjjljm ljltlbtlvis ivij sii` to rieuki Kbdlnorjlbjs viclkdi hldistrbvidie tcroumc trbjslt-orlijtie eividophijt podlklis bt tci dokbd movirjhijtdivid. Bje nor cyerokbraoj nuids tcihsidvis, tci Dow Kbraoj Nuid [tbjebre (DKN[)riqulris tcbt nuid elstrlautors rieuki tci dlni-kykdi MCM ihlssloj ljtijslty onmbsodlji bje elisid pir ujlt ijirmy. Ivij idihijts on Kbdlnorjlbs clmc-spiie rbld(C[Q) hbì lt ljto tci BA ;1 [kopljm Wdbj ..5 pirkijt on BA ;1s1717 ihlssloj-rieuktloj mobds. 27 Ucls hibjs tcbt ln ibkc sukc hibsuri ls nuddylhpdihijtie bje risudts lj tci ihlsslojs rieuktlojs ijvlslojie ay KBQA, BA ;1skijtirpliki kross-siktorbd kbp-bje-trbei promrbh wldd ai tbsìe ojdy wltceidlvirljm baout oji-qubrtir on bdd tbrmitie stbtiwlei ihlssloj rieuktlojs. Ucls lsproadihbtlk nor two ribsojs6 oji ikojohlk bje tci otcir b hbttir on tikcjodomy.Lt ls bdso ljelkbtlvi on tci arobeir ijirmy podlky kcbddijmis lj Kbdlnorjlb6

b) Ikojohlk Inklijky

Lt ls tci ljtijt on tci Dimlsdbturi tcbt tci [tbti Blr Qisourkis Aobre eislmjihlsslojs rieuktloj hibsuris to hiit tci stbtiwlei ihlsslojs dlhlts nor

mriijcousi mbsis istbadlscie pursubjt to tcls elvlsloj lj b hbjjir tcbthljlhlzis kosts bje hbxlhlzis aijits nor Kbdlnorjlbs ikojohy.BA ;1, Kcbptir 16 Nljeljms bje Eikdbrbtlojs

MCM prlkljm ljltlbtlvis sukc bs kbp-bje-trbei or b rivijui-jiutrbd kbraoj tbxljcirijtdy provlei hori ixlaldlty tcbj kohhbje-bje-kojtrod rimudbtlojs, tcusixpdbljljm tcilr mribtir popudbrlty wltc ikojohlsts. 22 Ndixlaldlty ijkourbmisljjovbtloj bs rhs je tci host inniktlvi wbys to babti wltcout ailjm kojstrbljieay spiklk (bje potijtlbddy ljinniktlvi) rimudbtory-eijie ihlssloj rieuktlojpbtcwbys, erlvljm eowj tci hbrmljbd kost kurvi nor tci ovirbdd podlky.

Uci BA ;1 [kopljm Wdbjs cyarle bpprobkc, cowivir abk`s tci kbp-bje-trbeihbrìt ljstruhijt wltc kojvijtlojbd ixlstljm rimudbtlojs. Lj nbkt, tci bkt on abk`ljmsiktorbd babtihijt tbrmits wltc proskrlptlvi rimudbtory hibsuris bktubddy rihovistci sljmdi aist bttrlauti on b kbp-bje-trbei systih6 lts inklijky. Uo tci ixtijt tcbtsukc hibsuris nuddd tci ihlssloj-rieuktloj jiie wltclj ibkc siktor, tciy rihoviixlaldlty lj cow to host kcibpdy bkclivi babtihijt tbrmits0 rieukljm tcls kcolki


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sit erlvis up tci hbrmljbd babtihijt kurvi bje ljkribsis totbd kohpdlbjki kosts.Ydtlhbtidy, tcls elskourbmis tci potijtlbd nor hbrìt-erlvij ljjovbtlojs lj jeljmjovid wbys to babti kbraoj.

Horiovir, tci ixlstijki on siktor-spiklk kojvijtlojbd rimudbtory hibsuris bdsorieukis tci potijtlbd to dowir ovirbdd kohpdlbjki kosts ay trbeljm bkross siktors.Nor ixbhpdi, ujeir b slhpdi kbp-bje-trbei hikcbjlsh, ln lt ls viry elnkudt orixpijslvi to babti lj oji siktor (i.m., trbjsportbtloj), tcbt siktors owj kosts eojot jikissbrldy eiji tci totbd systihs hbrmljbd kosts0 ihlttirs wltclj tci tikc-kojstrbljie siktor kbj ljstibe pby tcosi lj bjotcir siktor wltc aittir bvbldbaditikcjodomy (i.m., powir mijirbtloj) nor beeltlojbd babtihijt tci trbei pbrt onkbp-bje-trbei. Uo tci ixtijt tcbt riqulrie babtihijt ls sldoie wltclj b pbrtlkudbrsiktor ay bj ovirdbppljm siktor-spiklk rimudbtloj, tcij sukc kost sbvljms bri jotpossladi. 21

Ucls eois jot hibj tcbt Kbdlnorjlb wldd jot hiit lts ihlssloj-rieuktloj mobdsusljm lts kurrijt podlklis0 lt fust hibjs tcbt lt wldd eo so wltc jiiediss ixpijsibje wltc tci suastbjtlbd kcbjki on plk`ljm podltlkbddy nbvorie wljjirs. 2; Bsrimudbtors bje tci hielb jow aimlj to quoti bje bjbdyzi tci slmjlkbjki on BA ;1kbraoj prlkis absie oj KBQAs kbp-bje-trbei bddowbjki buktlojs bdoji, tciybri ribddy hlssljm =>.5 pirkijt on tci plkturi. Eoljm so potijtlbddy hbs`s tci hukcclmcir trui hbrmljbd babtihijt kosts on tci ijtlri Kbdlnorjlb kdlhbti rimudbtorysdbti bje hby ai eikiptlvi wltc rispikt to cow ixpijslvi lt ls to rieuki kbraojihlsslojs lj bj ijvlrojhijt wciri hukc on tci dow-cbjmljm nrult cbs bdribey aiijplkìe. Horiovir, tcls bpprobkc wldd tije to hbì bddowbjki prlkis hori vodbtldibje cbreir to hbì ljvisthijt eiklslojs brouje ay tci rhs kcbrmie wltc bktubddyeidlvirljm oj BA ;1s rieuktloj tbrmits. 25 Lj nbkt, tci kurrijt dow kbp-bje-trbeibddowbjki buktloj prlkis on baout $21 pir toj ljelkbti diss tcbt rieukljm Kbdlnorjlbsihlsslojs bri ibslir tcbj ixpiktie bje hori tcbt tci aud` on ihlssloj rieuktlojsbri lj nbkt ailjm sldoie tcroumc hbjebtory kohpdlbjki wltc kohpdihijtbrysiktor-spiklk kohhbje-bje-kojtrod rimudbtlojs (i.m., QW[) bt kosts ixkiieljm tcikbp-bje-trbei hbrìt (sii Nlmuri 1, aidow). 29

a) Yjlkorj Uikcjodomlis

Hori lhportbjtdy, ljvistljm lj tci eividophijt on ljjovbtlvi bje plojiirljmtikcjodomlis wldd bsslst Kbdlnorjlb lj bkclivljm tci 1717 stbtiwlei dlhlt ojihlsslojs on mriijcousi mbsis istbadlscie ay tcls elvlsloj bje wldd provlei bjopportujlty nor tci stbti to tbì b mdoabd ikojohlk bje tikcjodomlkbd dibeirsclprodi lj rieukljm ihlsslojs on mriijcousi mbsis.BA ;1, Kcbptir 16 Nljeljms bje Eikdbrbtlojs

[ljki Kbdlnorjlb ls ojdy b shbdd sdlki on mdoabd MCM ihlsslojs, jiw hltlmbtlojinnorts wldd bdso ai jiieie mdoabddy to cbvi bj bppriklbadi innikt oj tci pbki on


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Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb < Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

bjtcropomijlk mdoabd wbrhljm. Aotc sukc nurtcir stips bri dlìdy to riqulri jiwkdibj tikcjodomlis bvbldbadi bt dowir prlkis. Ucls woude siih to fustlny ljkribsljmljvisthijt lj ibrdy-stbmi ijirmy tikcjodomlis ovir tci dojm tirh, ispiklbddy bs

Kbdlnorjlb ls b hbrìt rlpi wltc tci sort on s`lddie ijmljiirs bje sklijtlsts tokbpturi hbjy on tci mbljs hbei nroh jiw tikcjodomlis.

B hlstbì hbei bkross Kbdlnorjlbs ixlstljm MCM-rieukljm rimudbtlojs,cowivir, wbs lj tclj`ljm tcbt jovid, dow-prlki, dow-kbraoj tikcjodomliskoude ai dimlsdbtie ljto ixlstijki oj b prieitirhljie tlhi nrbhi. Qiqulrljmjiw tikcjodomy eividophijt bje skbdie eidlviry ls bhaltlous aut bdso rls`y6 ltmois aiyoje bkclivbadi lj-stbti ihlssloj rieuktlojs bje ixtijes Kbdlnorjlbsrispojslaldlty to ljjovbtljm, or ljkijtljm ljjovbtloj on, tikcjodomlis tcbt slhpdyhby jot ai bvbldbadi bjywciri. Lt inniktlvidy riqulris tcbt Kbdlnorjlb scoudeirtci prlki on rls`y tikcjodomy kohhirklbdlzbtloj nor tci ijtlri worde.

]citcir lt ls bnnorebadi mrle-skbdi sodbr powir bje ridlbadi hbjbmihijt on ltsljtirhlttijky (QW[), dbrmi-skbdi bvbldbaldlty on dow-kbraoj kiddudoslk itcbjod orsyjtcitlk erop-lj alonuids (DKN[), or bnnorebadi bje eislrbadi idiktrlk or cyeromijviclkdis (Bevbjkie Kdibj Kbrs), Kbdlnorjlb rimudbtlojs nujktlojbddy eihbje sukckcbrlshbtlk tikcjodomlis hiit hbjebtory mobds, ivij ln tciri hby ai horiinniktlvi wbys to babti MCM ihlsslojs (i.m., tcroumc ijirmy inklijky). ]cldi tcirils b kirtblj domlk to bj ixpdlklt tikcjodomy pusc ljstibe on b sodo prlki slmjbd tcbthby jot spur spiklk ljjovbtlojs, tci eihbjeljm on sukc b pusc oj b stbtlk tlhidlji ls ixtrihidy rls`y.

Inniktlvijiss, Kost, bje Elstrlautlojbd Iqultyon Ixlstljm Kcbrlshbtlk Qimudbtlojs6 II, QW[, VI^s, bje tci DKN[Bs jotie baovi, tci sukkiss on ixlstljm kohpdihijtbry rimudbtory promrbhs ljtirhs on MCM-rieuktloj inniktlvijiss, kost, bje elstrlautloj on tcosi kosts bkrosssoklity cbs aiij hlxie. Uci hbfor aljeljm promrbhs bje rimudbtlojs outdljieaidow bkkoujt nor ovir cbdn on tci BA ;1 [kopljm Wdbjs bjtlklpbtie ihlsslojrieuktlojs6

Ijirmy Inklijky6Mooe MCM inniktlvijiss0 dow kost0 ribsojbadi kost elstrlautloj Kbdlnorjlb ls ljtirjbtlojbddy rikomjlzie nor lts sukkissis lj dlhltljm tci ovirbddmrowtc on ijirmy usi wcldi popudbtloj bje ikojohlk bktlvlty cbs ixpbjeie.[tbtiwlei auldeljm bje bppdlbjki stbjebres mijirbddy ixkiieie jbtlojbdriqulrihijts, bje b nieirbd wblvir cbs clstorlkbddy bddowie tci stbti to hbjebtibmmrisslvi viclkdi hbjunbkturir nuid ikojohy riqulrihijts wclkc tci hbrìtcbs aiij badi to aibr. Ucroumc lts pbrtdy eirimudbtie idiktrlklty hbrìt, utldltlisbri badi to ljvist lj kustohir-slei ijirmy-inklijky lhprovihijts bje hbìbj ikojohlk riturj oj eoljm so ljstibe on siddljm beeltlojbd voduhis.


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Ucisi promrbhs bri jot pirnikt, bje tcilr inniktlvijiss lj rieukljm stbtiwleiMCM ihlsslojs ls pbrtdy hltlmbtie ay b riaouje innikt, 2> aut tciy mijirbddy wor`.Aikbusi tciy ontij ridy oj lhprovljm eipdoyhijt on ixlstljm tikcjodomy or mrbeubd

tikcjodomy lhprovihijt, totbd kosts bri ridbtlvidy dow. Horiovir, tci beeie upnrojtkosts on lhprovljm ijirmy inklijky bri ontij ripble tcroumc nuid sbvljms ovirtlhi, slmjlkbjtdy rieukljm or ivij idlhljbtljm jit kosts. Uo tci ixtijt tcbt hbr`itnblduris ixlst lj aotc bmijky on ijirmy-inklijky eiklsloj hb`ljm bje tci kojsuhirivbdubtloj on dlnitlhi owjirsclp kosts, bje tci trbjsbktloj kosts to oatbljljm bprlvbti sodutloj bri clmc, tcij ikojohlk tciory kbj ai usie to support hbjy onKbdlnorjlbs ijirmy inklijky promrbhs. Nljbddy, tci kosts bje aijits tcbt briljkurrie tcroumc ijirmy inklijky promrbhs bri ontij wleidy elstrlautie bkrosssoklity bje so bri ribsojbady iqultbadi. Ijirmy inklijky promrbhs mijirbddyriprisijt tci aist on Kbdlnorjlbs ixlstljm rimudbtlojs tcbt bri jow ailjm tbs`ieto beeriss MCM ihlsslojs bje, wcij propirdy lhpdihijtie, sbvi tbxpbyirs

hojiy to aoot.

Qijiwbadis Wortnodlo [tbjebre6Hieluh MCM inniktlvijiss0 hieluh kost0 poor kost elstrlautloj Kbdlnorjlbs Qijiwbadis Wortnodlo [tbjebre (QW[) rst riqulrie 17 pirkijt, bjeivijtubddy ;; pirkijt, on idiktrlklty kojsuhie lj tci stbti to kohi nroh rijiwbadisourkis. Dbrmi cyeropowir bje jukdibr powir eo jot, cowivir, qubdlny, bjeproskrlaljm b scbri on powir nroh kirtblj joj- ihlttljm sourkis ls jot b pirniktproxy nor bktubd ovirbdd MCM ihlssloj rieuktlojs. 2= Ucls eiklsloj ls bj ujnortujbtiixbhpdi on wcij joj-MCM kojkirjs kbj bnnikt MCM podlky lj b jimbtlvi wby. Dbrmicyero bje jukdibr ijirmy ljkdueljm potijtlbd out-on-stbti lhports wiri ixkdueienroh (wcbt koude cbvi aiij b hori bhaltlous) QW[ lj nbvor on hori kcbrlshbtlktikcjodomlis eisplti tci nbkt tcbt nroh b MCM pirspiktlvi, tciy onnir b strojmirprodi tcbj wlje or sodbr. Uciy bri absidobe sourkis on powir tcbt cbvi ziroMCM ihlsslojs. Oji suastbjtlbd profikt lj tcisi bribs kbj provlei tci powir oneozijs on sodbr or wlje profikts. Uci ixkdusloj on jukdibr bje dbrmi cyeropowirnroh QW[ ls, lj nbkt, qulti ridivbjt to tci Kbdlnorjlb kbsi6 lj 1721, wcldi QW[-idlmladitikcjodomlis rosi to 2


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tci eividopirs on dbrmi-skbdi sodbr bje wlje systihs cbvi soklbdlzie tci koston bkclivljm Kbdlnorjlbs QW[ mobds bkross bdd Y[ tbxpbyirs.

Cbe tcls tlhljm aiij onn ay fust b koupdi on yibrs, Kbdlnorjlb woude cbvi aiijdoo`ljm bt b hukc diss rosy QW[ sltubtloj, bje tci strukturbd rls` wbs viry ribd.Horiovir, tci elstrlautloj on QW[ kosts bkross Kbdlnorjlbjs rihbljs ixtrihidyljiqultbadi eui to tci stbtis kojtljuie usi on outhoeie ljkdljljm adok`, tlirieidiktrlklty rbtis nor kustohirs sirvie ay ljvistor-owjie utldltlis. 27

97

57

;7

17

27

7

[ip. 21 Hbr. 2;Fbj. 2;Jov. 21 Fud. 2;Hby 2;

$ / t K O 1 i

DKN[ kbraoj krielts

Kbp-bje-trbei 172;vljtbmi bddowbjkis

Ubrmits6 Uci DKN[ riqulris bj ivijtubd 27 pirkijt rieuktloj lj tci dlni-kykdi MCMihlsslojs on mbsodlji bje elisid sode lj Kbdlnorjlb ay 1717. Lt cbs aiij lj inniktsljki 1722, aut lts abk`dobeie kohpdlbjki skcieudi hibjs tcbt tci tbrmit rieuktlojnor 172; ls ojdy 2 pirkijt bje ljkribsis rbpledy lj dbtir yibrs. 19 DKN[s 27 pirkijtkbraoj-ljtijslty rieuktloj tbrmit, cowivir, bppibrs braltrbry6 lt dbk`s kojvljkljmtikcjlkbd, ikojohlk, or ijvlrojhijtbd fustlkbtloj.

Ndixlaldlty6 DKN[ ls tikcjlkbddy tikcjodomy-jiutrbd lj tcbt hudtlpdi dow-kbraoj nuidpbtcwbys kbj potijtlbddy hiit lts riqulrihijts. Lj prbktlki, cowivir, tcls ixlaldltyls ridivbjt ojdy wcij tci ljtijslty rieuktloj tbrmits bri hoeist0 tci 1717 27 pirkijttbrmit ls clmc ijoumc to inniktlvidy riqulri tci usi on kiddudoslk itcbjod bje syjtcitlkerop-lj alonuids (or, otcirwlsi, alodomlkbddy eirlvie jbturbd mbs to nuid jbturbd mbsviclkdis bje dow-kbraoj idiktrlklty to nuid idiktrlk viclkdis) bkross tci aobre.

DKN[ eois ljkduei sohi ixlaldlty hikcbjlshs, ljkdueljm kohpdlbjki krielt trbeljmbje ljtir-yibr abj`ljm. Ucls hikcbjlsh wldd aikohi pbrtlkudbrdy lhportbjt lj tci


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jixt niw yibrs, bs dow-kbraoj aloelisid tbrmits bri tcoumct to ai ridbtlvidy ibslirto hiit tcbj itcbjod tbrmits bje kohpdlbjki krielts bri nriidy trbebadi bkross nuidkbtimorlis. Aut bs ljtijslty tbrmits rbtkcit eowj, tcls trbebadi krielt hbrìt cbs

rikijtdy aikohi vodbtldi bje ixpijslvi0 bntir b yibr on stbaldlty, krielt prlkis scotup nroh baout $2; to $57 pir toj on kbraoj lj tci rst tcrii hojtcs on 172;, $97ay Fuji ;, bje b riportie $=1 ay tci ije on Fuji. 1> Horiovir, tciri ls kurrijtdy josbnity vbdvi hikcbjlsh to kbp potijtlbddy viry clmc trbeie krielt kosts bs tcirils lj tci kbp-bje-trbei hbrìt. 1=

Lj Hby 172;, KBQA lssuie b dlst on kohpdlbjki ixlaldlty optlojs nor kojtljuiestbìcodeir elskussloj, aut sohi rimudbtie ijtltlis cbvi aiij kood to tci prospikton beerissljm eiipir nujebhijtbd lssuis lj tci DKN[ (l.i., tci dbk` on sultbadikohpdlbjki tikcjodomlis) tcroumc ljstltutljm b sbnity vbdvi hikcbjlsh bdoji.Ucls ls aikbusi sukc bj bpprobkc woude inniktlvidy bhoujt to b jiw tbx (or nii)

oj kojvijtlojbd kbraoj-ljtijslty nuid elstrlautors (oj top on BA ;1 kbp-bje-trbeikohpdlbjki kosts) wltc dlttdi usinud ihlssloj-rieuktloj innikt. Lj tcls kbsi, ltwoude bdso ai ujkdibr cow tci rivijuis nroh sukc b ei nbkto tbx/nii (tcroumc tcikijtrbdlzie sbdi on kohpdlbjki krielts bt b xie-kildljm prlki) koude bje scoude aicbjedie ay tci bmijky rikilvljm tcih.

MCM Qieuktloj Inniktlvijiss6 Aikbusi tci DKN[ ls nokusie oj dlni kykdi bje jotfust nuid kohaustloj ihlsslojs, KBQA eislmjbtis elnnirijt kbraoj ljtijsltlis norelnnirijt nuid proeuktloj pbtcwbys, inniktlvidy koujtljm tci ihlsslojs bssoklbtiewltc b nuids proeuktloj outslei Kbdlnorjlb nor lhportie proeukts. Nor ixbhpdi,korj itcbjod proeukie lj tci Y[ Hlewist nroh rijirlis usljm kobd bje b wit hlddprokiss hby ai bsslmjie b kbraoj ljtijslty on 217. pirkijt aidow tcbt on mbsodlji. ;7 Uciprospikt on tci Y[ Hlewist ixportljm lts ovirsuppdy on clmc kbraoj-ljtijslty korjitcbjod to Arbzld wcldi Kbdlnorjlb lhports Arbzldlbj sumbrkbji itcbjod cbs aikohiviry ribd tcoumc on koursi sukc nuid scunljm, aotc eohistlk or ljtirjbtlojbd,rblsis kosts wcldi risudtljm lj ziro or ivij jimbtlvi kdlhbti aijits.

Ysi on sumbrkbji-absie itcbjod lj tci Kbdlnorjlb mbsodlji hlx fuhpie nrohbpproxlhbtidy ziro to bj bjjubdlzie rbti on 177 hlddloj mbddojs lj tci dbst slxhojtcs on 1721, riprisijtljm baout 19 pirkijt on bdd DKN[ krielts ailjm mijirbtienroh alonuids ay tci ije on tci yibr. ;2 Uci proadih wltc tcls ls tcbt Arbzld bdribeycbs slmjlkbjt eohistlk eihbje nor itcbjod aut jo podlky bjbdomui to tci DKN[.Ucls hibjs tcbt abrrljm b hbsslvi skbdi-up on tci Arbzldlbj sumbrkbji itcbjodljeustry, Arbzld hby slhpdy kcoosi to iltcir lhport bje kojsuhi tci ridbtlvidyclmc kbraoj-ljtijslty Y[-proeukie korj itcbjod tcbt Kbdlnorjlb eois jot wbjt


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or opt to ljkribsljmdy usi kojvijtlojbd mbsodlji nor lts eohistlk hbrìt bs tcivbdui (bje prlki) on ixportljm lts owj itcbjod rlsis. Uci jit risudt on tcls kbraojdbujeirljm ls tcbt mdoabd MCM ihlsslojs eo jot kcbjmi, kojsuhirs pby hori,

bje elstrlautors ovirljvist lj ujjikissbry nuid trbjsport ljnrbstrukturi.

Ljjovbtloj-Ljeukihijt Inniktlvijiss6 DKN[s tikcjodomy-ljeukihijt hikcbjlsh lsqulti dlhltie lj tcbt ls sii`s ojdy to provlei b hbrìt slmjbd. Lt lmjoris elnnirijthbrìt nblduris (bje elnnirijt hltlmbtljm podlky optlojs) tcbt potijtlbddy ixlstbkross elnnirijt stbmis on jiw tikcjodomy eividophijt6 nroh abslk sklijki, toeihojstrbtloj, to skbdi-up, bje hbrìt eividophijt. Nor ixbhpdi, DKN[s strukturils poor bt inniktlvidy ijkourbmljm prikohhirklbd Q&E, provleljm eihojstrbtlojkbpltbd, or rieukljm dow kbraoj-ljtijslty nuid ljnrbstrukturi eividophijt rls` ljoreir to provlei aittir bkkiss to kohhirklbd jbjklbd hbrìts. Ljstibe, lt doo`ssit to mijirbti wljenbdd prot to ixlstljm hieluh-rbjmi kbraoj-ljtijslty nuid

tikcjodomlis bdribey oj tci hbrìt. ]i aidlivi tcbt tcls nokus oj lhhielbti-tirheipdoyhijt on jot-mooe-ijoumc tikcjodomlis rbtcir tcbj tci eividophijt onarib`tcroumc tikcjodomlis riprisijts b prljklpbd wib`jiss on DKN[.

Uikcjlkbd Abrrlirs6 Aikbusi DKN[ ixpikts b mbsodlji ihlssloj ljtijslty rieuktloj on27 pirkijt, aut bdd kurrijt dow kbraoj-ljtijslty bdtirjbtlvi nuids stldd cbvi dlni-kykdiMCM ihlsslojs tcbt ixkiie ziro, tci adije on bdtirjbtlvi nuids ljto tci Kbdlnorjlbmbsodlji suppdy wldd, oj bvirbmi, cbvi to ixkiie 27 pirkijt ay voduhi stbtiwlei tohiit DKN[ tbrmits. ;1

Oji wby nuid elstrlautirs koude cbjedi tcls proadih woude ai tcroumc tci sbdi onclmcir-kojkijtrbtloj I39 adijes to tci suasit on Kbdlnorjlb pbssijmir viclkdis badito support sukc nuids. B rikijt koujt, cowivir, scows tcbt I39 cbs jot cbe arobeuptbì lj Kbdlnorjlb6 ojdy >9 dokbtlojs lj tci stbti onnir I39 nuid nor sbdi, ;; bje bs on1727 diss tcbj 1 pirkijt on Kbdlnorjlb pbssijmir viclkdis bri I39 ix-nuid kbpbadiwcldi diss tcbj 2 pirkijt on tci itcbjod nuid kojsuhie lj Kbdlnorjlb wbs bktubddylj tci norh on I39. ;5 Erbhbtlkbddy ixpbjeljm tci usi on I39 lj Kbdlnorjlb to hiitDKN[sei nbkto adijeljm riqulrihijts woude riqulri slmjlkbjt jiw ljvisthijtlj ix-nuid viclkdi stok`, elstrlautloj ljnrbstrukturi, or aotc b hlsmuleie innorttcbt woude ikco tci stbtis widd-eokuhijtie nblduri to slhldbrdy ijkourbmi H39hitcbjod viclkdi nuid usi lj tci 2


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Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb 2> Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

pdbyljm out bt tci jbtlojbd divid, tciri bri lj nbkt slmjlkbjt tikcjlkbd, rimudbtory,bje kojsuhir curedis to eipdoyljm itcbjod adijes baovi tci 27 pirkijt divid tcbtls bdribey ualqultous lj Kbdlnorjlbs mbsodlji suppdy. ;9

[klijtlk bje Hitcoeodomlkbd Yjkirtbljty6 Uci ihirmijki on tci kojkipt on mdoabdljelrikt dbje usi kcbjmi (LDYK sii joti) ;> oj tci dlni-kykdi MCM ihlsslojs noralonuids cbe b hbfor innikt oj ridbtie sklijtlk bje podlky elskusslojs. ;= Nor tci DKN[,lhpdihijtbtloj on tci LDYK kojkipt cbs b viry kdibr lhpdlkbtloj6 Y[ korj itcbjod,ojki rimbreie bs b dow kbraoj-ljtijslty nuid, kbj bktubddy pdby ojdy b hbrmljbd rodiaikbusi on slmjlkbjt ljelrikt idsiwciri bmrlkudturbd MCM ihlsslojs (joti6 jotlts owj dlni-kykdi ihlsslojs!) bssoklbtie wltc lts sbdi bs b viclkdi nuid. Lj lts pdbki,bevbjkie bje kiddudoslk alonuids bri jow jiieie. Uci ljkorporbtloj on LDYK ljtoDKN[ bdso ljtroeukis b juhair on sklijtlkbddy ujkirtblj tikcjlkbd vbrlbadis tcbtslmjlkbjtdy ljkribsi tci ovirbdd MCM ljtijslty skoris on vbrlous bdtirjbtlvi nuids.

Nor ixbhpdi, KBQA cbs bsslmjie bj LDYK pijbdty on ;7 mKO1i/HF to tci typlkbdY[-proeukie korj itcbjod, wclkc ljkribsis lts typlkbd dlni-kykdi ihlssloj skori aybaout 97 pirkijt. [hbdd kcbjmis lj tcls viry arobedy istlhbtie LDYK pijbdty koudehb`i b alm elnnirijki lj tci ausljiss kbsi nor vbrlous alonuid suppdy optlojs. ;3

Lj bjy kbsi, ivij ln oji bkkipts tci LDYK kbusbd cypotcisls, lt ls jot kdibr-kut tcbttci aist wby to beeriss tci lssui ls to istlhbti bje bppdy b sljmdi pijbdty skorito kirtblj alonuid proeuktloj pbtcwbys. Uo eo so bssuhis tcbt bdd ridbtie ikojohlkprokiss bje cuhbj eiklslojs wltclj tci LDYK kbusbd kcblj bri eitirhljlstlk,cohomijous, bje stbtlk. Ln tci ljtijt on ljkdueljm LDYK kojkirjs ls to bvole ljeukieMCM ihlsslojs lj tci ljtirjbtlojbd bmrlkudturbd siktor, tcij tciri bri hori elriktwbys to beeriss tci lssui. Nor ixbhpdi, ljeukie ihlsslojs koude ai ixpdlkltdy bvoleiebdd bdojm bj LDYK eiklsloj kcblj tcroumc bktlvi ljtirvijtlojs sukc bs kcoosljm toljkribsi bmrlkudturbd ylide eijslty rbtcir tcbj kdibrljm jiw dbje, ay probktlvidyputtljm jiw dbjes ljto proeuktloj tcbt woude ai diss kbraoj-ljtijslvi tcbj bjixpiktie hbrmljbd ujlt on kdibrie dbje mdoabddy, ay muleljm tci typis on dbje kdibrieovirbdd lj eividopljm koujtrlis, or ay otcirwlsi onnsittljm potijtlbd beeltlojbdihlsslojs. Uci nbrhir ieukbtloj bje ljvisthijt jikissbry to eo tcls hby lj nbktai slmjlkbjtdy kcibpir tcbj eividopljm jovid alonuid tikcjodomlis. Lmjorljm tcisiopportujltlis lj tci DKN[ ay slhpdy bsslmjljm b stbtlk LDYK skori lmjoris tci potijtlbdnor tci DKN[ to bktubddy cidp lhprovi LDYK-ridbtie dbje usi lssuis lj tci ribd worderbtcir tcbj rimudbtljm bwby dimltlhbti ikojohlk bktlvltlis aotc bt cohi bje ljeividopljm koujtrlis rurbd ikojohlis. Lj otcir wores, pdbjjirs bri jot ohjlsklijtbje kbjjot bdwbys `jow aist ivij wcij hb`ljm sljkiri sklijki-absie innorts.

Wodlky Ljtirbktlojs6 Beeljm b dbyir on kohpdlkbtloj to tcls bdribey bhaltlousnuid pirnorhbjki hbjebti, tci DKN[ ovirdbps wltc aotc tci Y[ Nieirbd QijiwbadiNuid [tbjebre (QN[1) promrbh bje lts vodbtldi QLJ hbr`it (bmblj ixbkirabtie ay bdbk` on tci kiddudoslk itcbjod tikcjodomy tcbt b eikbei bmo wbs ixpiktie ay hbjyixpirts to ai kohhirklbddy bvbldbadi ay jow) bje tci lj-stbti BA ;1 kbp-bje-trbei


17/28

Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb 2= Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

promrbh tcbt bdribey bppdlis to nuid rijiry ihlsslojs bje wclkc wldd bppdy toviclkdi nuid kbraoj kojtijt ltsidn aimljjljm lj 1729. Ucoumc sohi bjbdysls ixlsts ojtcls lssui, ;< potijtlbd eyjbhlk ljtirbktlojs bhojm tcisi tcrii ovirdbppljm promrbhs

ls ujkirtblj bje hby jot ai widd ujeirstooe ay rimudbtors or ausljissis ujtld wiixpirlijki tci innikts rstcbje.

Kosts6 Ikojohlk bjbdysis on tci DKN[ puadlscie ay KBQA eurljm tci rimudbtlojsnorhbtloj wiri oviroptlhlstlk. Uci BA ;1 1773 [kopljm Wdbjs kost istlhbtis norDKN[ tcbt ljelkbtie b jit-ziro kost nor tci rimudbtloj ay bssuhljm tcbt dow kbraoj-ljtijslty nuids woude ai bvbldbadi bt skbdi kcibpir tcbj kojvijtlojbd mbsodlji wirislhpdlstlk bje ujnortujbtidy turjie out to ai wrojm. 57 ]ltc tci rst kiddudoslk nuidsjow ailjm kohhirklbddy proeukie lj tci Yjltie [tbtis bt bj ixpiktie skbdi on fustb niw hlddloj mbddojs lj 172; bje bt bj ujelskdosie prlki pir mbddoj, 52 lt ls ixtrihidyworrlsohi tcbt sukc bjbdysis wiri norhljm tci absls on KBQA eiklsloj hb`ljm bs

dbti bt 177


18/28


lhpdihijtbtloj quistlojs, tci bws lj tci ixlstljm kohpdihijtbry rimudbtoryhibsuris tcbt lj nbkt hbrmljbdlzi tci kbp-bje-trbei systih bri bdribey ivleijttoeby.

Aikbusi on tcls, wi aidlivi tcbt b post-1717 Kbdlnorjlb kdlhbti podlky nrbhiwor`

aiyoje BA ;1s kurrijtdy dimlsdbtie hbjebti scoude iharbki kbp-bje-trbei orsohi otcir kbraoj prlkljm podlky bs tci kori on Kbdlnorjlbs MCM-rieuktloj podlky.Bs kbp-bje-trbeis ovirbrkcljm hbrìt hikcbjlsh provis lj tci ribd worde tcbtlts MCM babtihijt ls jot lddusory, tci sohitlhis braltrbry bje ujjikissbrldyixpijslvi rimudbtory hibsuris tcbt clei tcilr trui kosts nroh tci puadlk scoude aipcbsie out lj nbvor on tci ixlaldlty bje ridbtlvi trbjspbrijky on tcls kross-siktorbdhbrìt hikcbjlsh. ]cldi wi kojtljui to aidlivi tcbt b rivijui-jiutrbd kbraoj tbxls tci aist hitcoe nor bkclivljm sukc rieuktlojs, ln wi bri moljm to usi kbp-bje-trbei, dit tci kohpdihijtbry hibsuri trbljljm wciids kohi onn.

Wost-1717, tciri wldd stldd ai b jiie nor sohi ixlstljm rimudbtory hikcbjlshs norixbhpdi, tcosi wclkc cbvi mijirbddy aiij oasirvie to nujktloj widd clstorlkbddy,sukc bs ijirmy inklijky promrbhs, or tcosi wclkc kost-inniktlvidy eidlvirjoj-MCM ijvlrojhijtbd oafiktlvis aut tcisi scoude jot ai usie to eupdlkbtitci MCM ihlssloj rieuktlojs tcbt kbp-bje-trbei kbj provlei hori inniktlvidy,kcibpdy, bje nblrdy. Ovir tlhi, bjy nurtcir votir-eislrie MCM rieuktlojs scoudeai kcbjjidie tcroumc tci kbp-bje-trbei promrbh (ln jot b rivijui-jiutrbd kbraojtbx) ay rbtkcitljm eowj lts aljeljm ikojohy-wlei kbp, wcldi otcir ijvlrojhijtbdrimudbtory hibsuris scoude, bs hukc bs possladi, trlh tcilr nokus to joj-MCM-ridbtie oafiktlvis. Lj eoljm so, sohi kojtljuie ihlssloj rieuktlojs hby kohi nrohtci kcbrlshbtlk sourkis tcbt bri bdribey nbhldlbr rijiwbadi powir eipdoyhijtoj tci idiktrlk mrle, nor ixbhpdi wciribs otcirs wldd dlìdy surprlsi aotcrimudbtors bje tci rist on us wltc tcilr ljmijulty to hori kcibpdy babti ihlsslojslj ujnorisiij wbys. Bje tcls ls priklsidy tci poljt.

[piklkbddy, nor tci DKN[, b x nor wclkc kbjjot wblt ujtld 1717, tciri bri b niwpotijtlbd kcbjmis tcbt KBQA or tci dimlsdbturi scoude lhhielbtidy ijbkt. Mlvijtci proadihbtlk jbturi on tci DKN[ bs dbyirie oj BA ;1, wi aidlivi b ripibd woudeai tci aist optloj. Qikomjlzljm tcbt BA ;1s ixlstljm kbp-bje-trbei hikcbjlshwldd kovir trbjsportbtloj nuids stbrtljm lj 1729, rihovljm tci DKN[s spiklk nuidkbraoj-ljtijslty hbjebtis woude jot slmjlkbjtdy bnnikt stbtiwlei MCM ihlsslojrieuktlojs tciri woude fust ai hori ixlaldlty lj cow to bkclivi tcih. Nbldljmtcls, qulk` rivlslojs bri jiieie. Ucisi scoude ljkduei tci noddowljm6

Kribtloj on b sbnity vbdvi nor DKN[ pirhlt prlkis, wciri tci movirjhijt woudebmrii to sidd ujdlhltie kbraoj ljtijslty pirhlts bt b ribsojbadi xie prlki, joterbhbtlkbddy clmcir tcbj tci kurrijt kbp-bje-trbei prlki. Ucls woude kbp tcieowjslei potijtlbd on tci DKN[ splrbdljm out on kojtrod (wltc wleispribe


19/28

Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb 2< Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

jojkohpdlbjki or innikt oj nuid prlki) wcldi hbljtbljljm b prlki slmjbd aijiklbdto tci viry jbskijt dow-kbraoj alonuid ljeustry. 51

DKN[ ljeukis bj ovirwilmct pusc nor tci eividophijt on dow-kbraojalonuids bje tcirinori kribtis bj brtlklbd nblduri lj tci hbrìts to elstrlautikbpltbd bje tbdijt nor kdibj ijirmy tikcjodomy Q&E. Uo korrikt tcls, KBQAscoude ljvistlmbti cow rimudbtie pbrtlis koude opt to trbei tcilr proxlhbtiDKN[-ljeukie kdibj ijirmy Q&E rispojslaldltlis nroh dow-kbraoj alonuids tootcir prohlsljm kbraoj-rieuktloj risibrkc opportujltlis wltclj tcitrbjsport siktor.

Hori mijirbddy, nor tci DKN[ bje otcir ridivbjt ixlstljm kohpdihijtbryrimudbtlojs, rimudbtie pbrtlis scoude ai mrbjtie tci baldlty to hiit bdtirjbtlvikohpdlbjki tcroumc elrikt pbrtlklpbtloj lj tci kbp-bje-trbei hbrìt lj sukc b

wby tcbt tci MCM ihlssloj rieuktlojs tbrmitie ay tci sldoie suarimudbtloj briprisirvie, hibsurbadi, bje jot suafikt to dib`bmi. Joj-MCM ihlssloj-rieuktlojko-aijits on sukc suarimudbtlojs, to tci ixtijt bppdlkbadi, scoude ai hbeiixpdlklt sipbrbti nroh MCM rieuktlojs so tcbt tci beeltlojbd kosts or bktlojsjiieie to bkclivi tcih kbj ai suahlttie to stbjebdoji kost-aijit bjbdysls.

Bt worst, slhpdy ixtijeljm tci DKN[ kohpdlbjki tlhitbadi to aittir hbtkc tciskcieudi on alonuid tikcjodomy bvbldbaldlty woude mo b dojm wby towbre bvirtljmpotijtlbd rijiry kdosuris, bssoklbtie foa dossis, bje nuid-puhp riaiddloj.

Nor DKN[, lt ls kdibr tcbt b mbhi on rimudbtory kclkìj ls ujeir wby0 wldd tci eislriedow-kbraoj tikcjodomlis ai eidlvirie oj tlhi bje bt bj bkkiptbadi kost? Jo oji jot tci rimudbtor, jot tci rimudbtie pbrtlis, bje kirtbljdy jot tci kojsuhirs lssuri on tci bjswir. Uci oji tcljm tcbt ls kdibr ls tcbt jo oji wbjts b cibe-ojkoddlsloj. B nblduri ciri koude slj` tci wcodi on Kbdlnorjlbs kdlhbti innorts lj tci iyison b wbtkcljm worde, fust bs [odyjerbs abj`ruptky ljlktie arobe koddbtirbd podlkyebhbmi oj movirjhijt-supportie ijirmy Q&E. Leibddy, wi woude jot ai lj sukc belnkudt sltubtloj wciri tci rimudbtor cbs to hbì toumc kbdds absie oj ujkirtbljhbrìts bje tikcjodomlis, wclkc ls b hbfor bevbjtbmi on arobe-absie hbrìthikcbjlshs sukc bs kbp-bje-trbei or b rivijui-jiutrbd kbraoj tbx. Aut jow tcbt wibri ciri, bddowljm ixlaldlty wltcout kohprohlsljm MCM rieuktlojs aotc nor DKN[bje tci Kbdlnorjlb kdlhbti rimudbtory sdbti hori arobedy wldd cidp rlmct tci koursi.


20/28


BJJIS

Uci Kbdlnorjlb Hitcbjod Eihojstrbtloj Wromrbh6

B Nbldie Ixpirlijki wltc [tbti-Nbvorie Uikcjodomy WuscLj b stbti wciri tci butohoaldi doohs dbrmi, Kbdlnorjlb rimudbtors cbvi dojm soumctto sikuri b rh cbje lj elriktljm ivodutloj on viclkdi erlvitrbljs bje nuid kcbljs.Uci fustlkbtlojs nor eoljm so cbvi sclntie ovir tci yibrs6 ijirmy sikurlty, urabjblr poddutloj, kojsuhir protiktloj, mdoabd wbrhljm, mriij foas. Ontij, tci stbtisljtirists bri outslei on wcbt kojsuhirs bje suppdlirs woude otcirwlsi pursui ljtci butohotlvi hbr`it. Yjsurprlsljmdy, tci prokiss ls jot bdwbys shootc.

Bs fust oji ixbhpdi, tci Kbdlnorjlb Ijirmy Kohhlsslojs (KIK) bttihpt topopudbrlzi hitcbjod nuid lj tci 2


21/28


Uci dbst lssui mittljm piopdi to kbri wbs jivir sunklijtdy beerissie. UcoumcH39 nuid onnirie sohi eislrbadi soklbd aijits, bkclivljm tcosi woude cbviudtlhbtidy riqulrie kojsuhir bkkiptbjki, wciri elrikt aijits wiri tclj. Hitcbjod

cbs cbdn tci ijirmy eijslty on mbsodlji, bje so H39 kuts viclkdi rbjmi ay baout57 pirkijt. 5; Uci juhair on H39 ritbld stbtlojs jivir ixkiieie hori tcbj baout>7 lj tci stbti, mlvljm wby to rbjmi bjxlity bje ljkojvijlijki lj trlp pdbjjljm.H39 nuid ele cbvi b niw potijtlbd ije-usir siddljm poljts hbrmljbddy ljkribsiecorsipowir lj sohi hoeids bje tci pirsojbd sbtlsnbktloj on usljm b eohistlk nuid

aut tcisi wiri wib` erbws bkross tci arobeir butohotlvi prinirijki sit. Bje bs oldprlkis nidd to clstorlk dows, bjy prlki bevbjtbmi nor bj ije kojsuhir to usi H39 wbswlpie out6 H39 prlkis lj tci ibrdy 2


22/28


tbktlks bssuhie jikissbry to mit tciri hlmct cbvi mottij Kbdlnorjlb tciri wltcoutwbstljm hojiy, innort, bje tlhi tcbt hlmct ai aittir spijt oj otcir prissljm soklbdor ijvlrojhijtbd lssuis.

Jotis

2 Nor bj ixbhpdi on Kbdlnorjlb votirs dbk` on `jowdiemi baout tci innikts on kurrijt Kbdlnorjlb Kdlhbtipodlky, sii Coovirs rikijt Modeij [tbti Wodd. cttp6//www.bevbjkljmbnriisoklity.orm/wp-kojtijt

/updobes/172;/7 pirkijt lj 1727. Uci

ihlssloj rieuktlojs nroh b ausljiss-bs-usubd absidlji tcbt BA ;1 jow tbrmits nor 1717 woude riprisijtbaout 2.= pirkijt on tci Y[ 1727 ihlssloj ljvijtory.

= BA ;1 [kopljm Wdbj, Eikihair 1773, Qikohhijeie Bktlojs, p. 29.

3 Jotbady, dbrmi cyero bje jukdibr bri jot ljkdueie lj tcls eisplti ihlttljm ziro kbraoj bje sirvljm bsvbdubadi absidobe ijirmy sourkis, bs bdd on tci bnorihijtlojie tikcjodomlis, sbvi miotcirhbd, eo jot.Cyero bje jukdibr wiri ixkdueie dbrmidy aikbusi tciy bri nbr diss popudbr wltc mriij mroups eispltibeerissljm tci ujeirdyljm kdlhbti mobds brmubady nbr hori inniktlvidy tcbj bdtirjbtlvi tikcjodomlis.

< [ii tci KBQA Fbjubry 1722 BA ;1 Ypebtie [kopljm Wdbj, Nujktlojbd Iqulvbdijt Eokuhijt, nor beiskrlptloj on tcisi hibsuris bje tcilr ixpiktie kojtrlautlojs towbre BA ;1s 1717 MCM ihlsslojtbrmit.

27 Uci 1722 BA ;1 [kopljm Wdbj, Nujktlojbd Iqulvbdijt Eokuhijt, dbtir upebtie BA ;1s MCMrieuktloj hbtc to bkkoujt nor tci innikts on tci rikissloj bje promriss wltc lhpdihijtbtloj onkohpdihijtbry podlklis0 our kbdkudbtlojs scow tcbt tcls hori rikijt eokuhijt bsslmjie baout=2 pirkijt on tbrmitie MCM ihlssloj rieuktloj to kohpdihijtbry podlklis bje baout 1< pirkijt tokbp-bje-trbei.

22 Lt ls lhportbjt to joti tcbt bjy sukc kbp ls jot trudy b cbre kbp, cowivir, bs ln prlkis sobrie sunklijtdy,podltlkbd ixlmijky woude eihbje tcbt tci kbp ai ridbxie. Lt ls proabady hori bkkurbti to sby tcbt kbp-bje-trbei onnirs ridbtlvidy hori kirtbljty oj ihlsslojs-rieuktloj qubjtlty, wcldi b kbraoj tbx onnirs hori


23/28

Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb 1; Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

kirtbljty oj prlki. [ii bdso, cowivir, ]brb it bd (Fbjubry 1725), Uci Kbsi nor b Kbraoj Ubx bs Y[Kdlhbti Wodlky.

21 Ivij KBQAs owj BA ;1 ikojohlk bssuhptlojs summist tcbt stbtiwlei kohpdlbjki wltc MCMrieuktloj tbrmits koude ai kcibpir wltcout tci usi on bjy kohpdihijtbry PrimudbtoryX hibsuris. BKQB-KBQA koddbaorbtlvi hoeidljm ixirklsi usljm KQBs HQJ-JIIH hoeid bje KBQAs ikojohlk bjetikcjodomy bssuhptlojs nouje tcbt tci totbd soklbd kosts on BA ;1 wiri rieukie ay ovir 97 pirkijt nrohbaout $>7 alddloj to $;7 alddloj ovir 27 yibrs wcij kbp-bje-trbei wbs tci sodi hikcbjlsh usie to hiitBA ;1 MCM rieuktloj tbrmits (bs ixpiktie, kbp-bje-trbei pirhlt prlkis woude trbei brouje >7 pirkijtclmcir, bpproxlhbtidy $37 pir toj, ujeir tcls skijbrlo). B hbfor elnnirijki aitwiij KQBs jeljms bjeKBQAs owj (usljm lts Ijirmy1717 hoeid), ls tcbt KQBs kohputbadi mijirbd iquldlarluh hoeid eois jottribt ijirmy-inklijky rimudbtory hibsuris tci hbfor sourki on KBQAs ixpiktie BA ;1 kost sbvljms bs sodvljm bj ixlstljm hbr`it nblduri. PKQB (Hbrkc 15, 1727), Bjbdysls on tci Kbdlnorjlb BQAs [kopljmWdbj bje Qidbtie Wodlky LjslmctsX

2; Bj ixtijslvi ikojohlk dltirbturi beerissis tci lssui on kost inklijky on hbr`it-absie ljstruhijtssukc bs trbebadi pirhlts or tbxis virsus rimudbtory hbjebtis bje stbjebres. [ii, nor ixbhpdi, [pudair(2


24/28


12 Butcors istlhbti. VI^ krielts bri trbebadi, so tci prlki tcbt b kojvijtlojbd hbjunbkturir ls wlddljmto pby nor krielts mijirbtie ay bj I^-kbpbadi hbjunbkturir kbj ai usie bs b proxy nor tci kurrijtbpproxlhbti ujlt kosts tcbt woude a i riqulrie to eividop b VI^ promrbh-idlmladi nudd- idiktrlk viclkdi. Ljlts 172; R2 ibrjljms dittir to scbricodeirs, idiktrlk kbr hbjunbkturir Uidsb Hotors riportie tcbt ltaoo`ie $>3 hlddloj lj VI^ krielt rivijuis (nroh sbdis to otcir hbjunbkturirs) eurljm tci qubrtir ljwclkc lt proeukie 5,


25/28


1< Ucls ls kohpbrie to b stbjebre Kbdlnorjlb kojvijtlojbd mbsodlji ljtijslty on


26/28

Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb 1> Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

;< [ii, nor ixbhpdi, LKNs 1721 Kbdlnorjlb Kbp-bje-Urbei Outdoo` or Elbhbjt/IWQLs (172;) Ixpdorljmtci Ljtirbktloj Aitwiij Kbdlnorjlbs Mriijcousi Mbs Ihlsslojs Kbp-bje-Urbei Wromrbh bjeKohpdihijtbry Ihlsslojs Qieuktloj Wodlklis.

57 Dbtir, tci 177< KBQA DKN[ [tbnn Qiport kdblhie tcbt tci rimudbtloj woude bktubddy mijirbti jitikojohlk mbljs to Kbdlnorjlbjs on $22 alddloj ovir tci promrbhs 1727 1717 lhpdihijtbtloj pirloe,ljkdueljm potijtlbd rieuktlojs lj tci prlki pir mbddoj on hotor nuid. Lj tcbt bjbdysls, kiddudoslk itcbjod, norixbhpdi, wbs ixpiktie to a i kcibpir (oj b ujlt ijirmy absls) tcbj korj itcbjod or ivij kojvijtlojbdmbsodlji.

52 @lOQ ixpikts to proeuki brouje ; hlddloj to 9 hlddloj mbddojs on kiddudoslk elisid0 Hbrkc 172; R5 1721@lOQ ibrjljm kojnirijki kbdd. @lOQ puadlkdy profikts 172; skbdie proeuktloj kosts on $9.


27/28

Firihy Kbrd bje Ebvle Nieor Hori [lhpdlklty, Diss Kcbrlshb 1= Coovir Ljstltutloj [tbjnore Yjlvirslty

Kopyrlmct 1725 ay tci Aobre on Urustiis on tci Didbje [tbjnore Fujlor Yjlvirslty

Uci puadlscir cbs hbei bj ojdlji virsloj on tcls wor` bvbldbadi ujeir b Kribtlvi Kohhojs Bttrlautloj-JoEirlvs dlkijsi ;.7. Uo vliw b kopy on tcls dlkijsi, vlslt cttp6//kribtlvikohhojs.orm/dlkijsis/ay-je/;.7.

Innorts cbvi aiij hbei to dokbti tci orlmljbd sourkis, eitirhlji tci kurrijt rlmcts codeirs, bje, ln jiieie,oatblj riproeuktloj pirhlsslojs. Oj virlkbtloj on bjy sukc kdblhs to rlmcts lj tci brtlkdis riproeukie lj tclsaoo`, bjy riqulrie korriktlojs or kdbrlkbtlojs wldd ai hbei lj suasiquijt prljtljms/ieltlojs.

Coovir Ljstltutloj Wriss bssuhis jo rispojslaldlty nor tci pirslstijki or bkkurbky on YQDs nor ixtirjbd ortclre-pbrty Ljtirjit wiasltis rinirrie to lj tcls puadlkbtloj, bje eois jot mubrbjtii tcbt bjy kojtijt oj sukcwiasltis ls, or wldd rihblj, bkkurbti or bpproprlbti.

Nlrst prljtljm 172517 2< 23 2= 2> 29 25 = > 9 5 ; 1 2


28/28

Baout tci Butcors

Firihy Kbrd Firihy Kbrd ls b risibrkcniddow bt tci Coovir Ljstltutloj

bje elriktor on risibrkc nortci [cudtz-[tipcijsoj Ubs`Norki oj Ijirmy Wodlky. Clswor` nokusis oj ijirmy bjeijvlrojhijtbd podlky, wltc bjihpcbsls oj ijirmy sikurlty,kdlhbti podlky, bje mdoabd

nossld nuid hbrìts. Lj beeltloj, ci wrltis ixtijslvidy nroh cls ixpirlijki oj Y[-Ljelb ridbtlojs bje Ljelbj podltlks.Ci codes eimriis lj clstory

bje puadlk podlky nroh \bdi bje Cbrvbre Yjlvirsltlis.

Ebvle Nieor Ebvle Nieor ls b risibrkc

bjbdyst nor tci CoovirLjstltutlojs [cudtz-[tipcijsojUbs` Norki oj Ijirmy Wodlky.Ci cbs worìe lj ijirmy bjetci ijvlrojhijt bkross Kcljb,

Fbpbj, bje tci Yjltie [tbtis.Norhirdy bt BWIKs Bslb WbklkIjirmy Qisibrkc Kijtir, Nieor

cbs bdso kojsudtie nor ]]NKcljb, tci Bslbj EividophijtAbj`, bje tci @orib IjirmyIkojohlks Ljstltuti. Ci codeseimriis lj ibrtc systihs nroh[tbjnore Yjlvirslty.

[cudtz-[tipcijsoj Ubs` Norki oj Ijirmy Wodlky

Uci Coovir Ljstltutlojs [cudtz-[tipcijsoj Ubs` Norki ojIjirmy Wodlky beerissis ijirmy podlky lj tci Yjltie [tbtisbje lts innikts oj our eohistlk bje ljtirjbtlojbd podltlkbdprlorltlis, pbrtlkudbrdy our jbtlojbd sikurlty.

Bs b risudt on vodbtldi bje rlsljm ijirmy prlkis bje ljkribsljmmdoabd kojkirj baout kdlhbti kcbjmi, two ridbtie bjekohpiddljm lssuis tcribts to jbtlojbd sikurlty bje bevirsiinnikts on ijirmy usbmi oj mdoabd kdlhbti cbvi ihirmie bsìy befujkts to Bhirlkbs ijirmy podlky0 tci tbs` norki wlddixpdori tcisi suafikts lj eitbld. Uci tbs` norkis mobds bri tombtcir kohpricijslvi ljnorhbtloj oj kurrijt sklijtlk bjetikcjodomlkbd eividophijts, surviy tci kojtljmijt podlkybktlojs, bje onnir b rbjmi on priskrlptlvi podlklis to beerissour vbrlie ijirmy kcbddijmis. Uci tbs` norki wldd nokus ojpuadlk podlky bt bdd divids, nroh ljelvleubd to mdoabd. Lt wldd tcijrikohhije podlky ljltlbtlvis, dbrmi bje shbdd, tcbt kbj aiujeirtbìj to tci bevbjtbmi on aotc prlvbti ijtirprlsis bjemovirjhijts bktljm ljelvleubddy bje lj kojkirt.

Nor hori ljnorhbtloj baout tcls Coovir Ljstltutloj Ubs` Norki, pdibsi vlslt us ojdlji bt www.coovir.orm/tbs`norkis /ijirmy-podlky.

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